![]() ![]() Vegetarians' and vegans' memory, on the other hand, consistently showed an anthropomorphic bias regarding food and companion animals alike (Experiments 5 and 6). When tested shortly after exposure, meat-eaters' memory about companion animals (e.g., dogs) but not food animals (e.g., pigs) showed an anthropomorphic bias: they remembered more information consistent with animals having versus lacking a mind (Experiments 1-4). We employed memory paradigms, in which judgments are clearly right or wrong, in nine experiments (eight preregistered n = 3,162). ![]() However, studies have generally not employed objective criteria against which the accuracy or appropriateness of people's judgments about animals can be tested. ![]() Some theoretical perspectives suggest people overestimate animals' mental capacities (anthropomorphism), while others suggest the reverse (mind-denial). ![]()
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